言用本质的两种观点：基于卢曼的信任理论

信用的本质问题是信用理论的最基本问题,至今却没有得到充分的论述。由于信任是信用的基础,研究信用的本质可以从信任入手。根据卢曼的信任理论发现,信任由复杂性简化机制和回报二因素构成。沿着信任二因素的路径前进可以发现对信用本质的两种认识：一是信用是信任的转化,是信任和信任效用的合体,即“信任之效用”;二是信用是商品交换复杂性的简化机制,是对商品交换中存在的各种复杂信息进行综合决策时的简化机制。     

Cutting the Gordian knot: The effect of knowledge complexity on employee mobility and entrepreneurship

Employee entrepreneurship and employee moves to rival firms (employee mobility) have both been recognized as critical drivers of the transfer of knowledge. Drawing on a unique database of intra‐industry inventor entrepreneurship and mobility events in the U.S. semiconductor industry, I examine the effect of the complexity of inventors' prior patenting activities on their decisions to join a rival firm or found a start‐up. The findings show that even though complexity inhibits knowledge diffusion to rival firms through employee mobility, complex knowledge may be underexploited within existing organizations and may still flow to startups through employee entrepreneurship. This study sheds new light on how technology shapes patterns of employee entrepreneurship and mobility, with implications for knowledge flows and competitive dynamics.     

Communication costs in the performance of unrelated tasks: Continuum models and finite models

We consider two two‐person organizations, called A and B. Each organization faces a changing environment; an environment has two components and each of them is privately observed by one of the organization's two members. Each organization's task is to respond to the current environment by taking a correct action; the correct action is a known function of the environment. However, the task of A is totally unrelated to the task of B: if A knew B's current environment and B's current correct action, that would tell A nothing at all about its own current correct action (and vice versa). Now suppose that each organization performs its task by a sequence of message announcements that stop when an “action‐taker”; has just enough information about the two members’ private observations so that he can take the correct action. Suppose we measure the effort this requires by the size of the set of possible message announcements. Then a compelling conjecture says that there can be no saving in total effort if we merge the two organizations into a single four‐person organization in which a single action‐taker takes both actions.

The conjecture turns out to be true when the possible messages form a continuum whose size is measured by its dimension, provided the message‐announcing procedure obeys suitable regularity conditions. When we turn to a model in which the number of possible messages is finite, the situation is different. While a certain general proposition about coverings and projections is the main tool in proving the “continuum”; conjecture, the finite analog of that proposition is (surprisingly) false. The finite version of the conjecture holds, on the other hand, when one adds a certain regularity requirement ("contiguity") to the message‐announcement procedure. The truth of the finite conjecture without such a requirement remains open.     

基于CFD-DEM的渗蚀研究:细粒含量与围压的影响

为了揭示渗透水流对砂土渗蚀破坏的规律,利用流固耦合方法(CFD-DEM)建立具有应力边界的长方体砂土试样,进行了不同围压和细粒含量条件下间断级配砂土的渗蚀模拟。结果表明,1)对于高细粒含量试样,围压越高渗蚀颗粒流失量越高,但对于低细粒含量试样,围压对渗蚀的促进作用并不明显。2)当细颗粒含量较高时,细粒流失会引起力链屈曲,促使颗粒间接触力减小,并且高围压下试样力链屈曲量越多,导致细颗粒流失增多。当细粒含量较低时,细颗粒不能填满粗颗粒间的空隙,承担外力的程度也较低。围压的增大主要由粗颗粒承担,细颗粒间接触力和接触数变化不大,因此围压对砂土细颗粒在渗蚀过程中的流失影响也较小。所得结论明晰了渗透水流作用下土体细颗粒在粗颗粒形成的骨架中选择性流失的过程,对控制砂土渗蚀破坏具有借鉴作用。     

基于分形维的经济均衡理论研究

鉴于传统的一般均衡理论具有严格的假设条件,无法准确考察市场的真实状况,借助复杂性科学中的分形理论,建立了经济系统的分形均衡。分形均衡允许市场中存在多边交易和拥有先天禀赋的经济当事人从事低买高卖的套利交易,对经济均衡的描述更接近于经济现实。通过比较和分析分形均衡和一般均衡的区别与联系得出了一般均衡是分形均衡的一个特例的结论,得到了分形均衡下的福利经济学定理。     

The influence of social capital on strategic choice: An examination of the effects of external and internal network relationships on strategic complexity

In this research we investigated the direct contributions of social capital via network involvement to the strategic complexity of firms. Specifically, we looked at three network types - trade associations, external personal networks, and internal personal networks - to assess their individual and collective effects on strategic complexity. We empirically tested the relationships in the rural telecommunications industry using a mailed survey to this population's CEOs. We obtained 203 responses (30% response rate). Using Poisson regression, we found that all three network types were positively associated with strategic complexity, which was measured as product portfolio breadth. We also discovered that initial conditions affected strategic outcomes, with larger firms and cooperative ownership associated with greater strategic complexity.     

Cognitive complexity implications for research on sustainable competitive advantage

Cognitive complexity of top managers gains increasing attention in the management field. Performance implication of cognitive complexity is an important one. This article clarifies several of the original points to reply to Huang's commentary. In particular, we comment on some issues of testability and measurement of cognitive complexity and internal/external related dimensions.     

从经济系统的复杂性看现代经济学理论的发展

传统的经济学理论虽然给人类经济发展作出过重大贡献,但随着社会经济的发展日显其局限}生。本文通过对经济学发展吏的回顾,总结了传统西方经济学理论假设的荒谬性和经济学基本理论的局限性;分析了由于具有主动性的人参与到经济系统中而产生的个体的主动性、相互作用的非线性、整体发展的不确定性、信息和信息系统的重要作用等复杂性特．最;介绍了复杂系统科学的发展,分析了复杂系统科学的马克思主义哲学原理;最后探讨了现代经济学理论的发展方向。     

Planning and managing primary care services: lessons from the NHS in England

High-quality primary care services are an essential part of a successful health service. However, the planning and management of such services is complex. Using evidence from a study of recent extensive changes in the English NHS, the authors highlight the need for local service oversight by managers who understand local conditions and needs. The recent English experience supports an incremental policy adjustment approach, rather than wholesale organizational change.